Crystalline solids
|
|
Molecular solids |
|
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Non-polar |
Polar |
Hydrogen-bonded |
|
Soft |
Soft |
Hard |
|
Insulator of electricity |
Insulator of electricity |
Insulator of electricity |
|
Very low melting point |
Low melting point |
Low melting point |
|
Intermolecular forces - Dispersion or London forces |
Intermolecular forces - Dipole - dipole interaction |
Intermolecular forces - Hydrogen bonding |
|
Example – Ar , CCl4 , H2 , CO2 |
Example –HCl , SO2 |
Example –H2O |
|
Parameters |
Ionic solids |
Metallic solids |
Covalent solids |
|
Constituent particles |
Ions |
Positive ions in the sea of delocalized electrons |
Atoms |
|
Attractive forces |
Electrostatic |
Metallic bonding |
Covalent bonding |
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Physical Nature |
Hard but brittle |
Hard but malleable and ductile |
Hard (diamond) Soft (Graphite ) |
|
Electrical conductivity |
Insulators in solid state but conductors in molten state and in aqueous solutions |
Conductors in solid state as well as in molten state |
Insulators except graphite |
|
Melting point |
High |
Fairly High |
Very high |